Global Glutamic Acid and Monosodium Market Report
Market Overview
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), the sodium salt of glutamic acid, is one of the most widely used flavor enhancers in the food industry. Glutamic acid occurs naturally in foods such as tomatoes, cheese, mushrooms, and grapes. MSG enhances the umami taste, balancing and rounding flavors in processed and prepared foods.
The global market is driven by rising demand for processed foods, changing consumer lifestyles, and increasing disposable incomes. Asia-Pacific dominates the market, with China and India leading production and consumption due to their large food processing industries. The market is expected to grow steadily, supported by applications in food processing, animal feed, and pharmaceuticals.
Key Players
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc.
- Sunrise Nutrachem Group
- Royal DSM N.V.
- Shaanxi Sciphar Hi-tech Industry Co. Ltd.
- Prinova Group LLC
- Global Bio-chem Technology Group Company Limited
- Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.
- Fufeng Group
- Meihua Holdings Group Co. Ltd.
- CJ CheilJedang Corporation
- Shandong Linghua Monosodium Glutamate Co. Ltd.
- Vedan International (Holdings) Ltd.
- Daesang Corporation
Market Segmentation
By Product Type
- Meats
- Cereals
- Soy Protein
- Certain Algae
By Application
- Food Processing (flavor enhancers, additives)
- Animal Feed (nutritional supplements)
- Medical & Pharmaceutical (amino acid derivatives, excipients)
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Australia)
- Middle East & Africa
- Central & South America
Regional Analysis
- Asia-Pacific: Largest market share, led by China and India; strong growth in food processing and animal feed industries.
- North America: Demand driven by processed food consumption and pharmaceutical applications.
- Europe: Moderate growth; regulatory scrutiny on additives influences market dynamics.
- South America: Brazil and Argentina show rising demand in food and feed sectors.
- Middle East & Africa: Emerging demand due to growing food processing industries and urbanization.
Porter’s Five Forces
- Threat of New Entrants – Moderate (capital investment required, but demand growth attracts new players).
- Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Moderate (raw material supply is diversified but subject to agricultural fluctuations).
- Bargaining Power of Buyers – High (food processors demand cost-effective, high-quality additives).
- Threat of Substitutes – Moderate (alternative flavor enhancers like yeast extracts and hydrolyzed proteins).
- Industry Rivalry – High (numerous global and regional players compete on price and quality).
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
- Strong demand in food processing industry
- Wide applications across food, feed, and pharma
- Established production base in Asia-Pacific
Weaknesses
- Regulatory concerns over additive use
- Price volatility due to agricultural raw materials
- Consumer skepticism in certain markets
Opportunities
- Rising demand in emerging economies
- Expansion into animal nutrition and pharmaceutical applications
- Growth in natural and clean-label additives
Threats
- Competition from alternative flavor enhancers
- Stringent food safety regulations
- Supply chain disruptions in raw materials
Trend Analysis
- Increasing demand for processed and convenience foods.
- Rising popularity of umami-rich diets and Asian cuisine worldwide.
- Growth in animal feed applications for nutritional supplementation.
- Expansion of clean-label and natural additive segments.
- Innovation in fermentation technologies for sustainable production.
Drivers & Challenges
Drivers
- Rising disposable incomes and urbanization fueling processed food demand
- Expansion of food processing industries in Asia-Pacific
- Growing applications in pharmaceuticals and animal feed
- Consumer preference for enhanced taste and flavor
Challenges
- Regulatory restrictions on additive use in certain regions
- Price volatility of agricultural raw materials
- Competition from natural substitutes
- Health concerns and consumer skepticism in Western markets
Value Chain Analysis
- Raw Material Suppliers – Agricultural producers (corn, soy, algae).
- Manufacturers – MSG and glutamic acid producers.
- Distributors & Traders – Global and regional supply chains.
- End Users – Food processors, animal feed producers, pharmaceutical companies.
Quick Recommendations for Stakeholders
- Manufacturers: Invest in sustainable fermentation technologies and expand into clean-label product lines.
- Investors: Focus on Asia-Pacific and animal feed applications for high growth potential.
- Policy Makers: Balance regulatory frameworks to ensure safety while supporting industry growth.
- Food Processors: Leverage MSG and glutamic acid for flavor enhancement in processed foods.
- Supply Chain Partners: Diversify sourcing to mitigate raw material volatility.
Table of Contents
Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Professional Survey Report
1 Industry Overview of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
1.1 Definition and Specifications of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
1.1.1 Definition of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
1.1.2 Specifications of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
1.2 Classification of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
1.2.1 Meats
1.2.2 Cereals
1.2.3 Soy Protein
1.2.4 Certain Algae
1.3 Applications of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
1.3.1 Food Processing
1.3.2 Animal Feed
1.3.3 Medical &Pharmaceutical
1.4 Market Segment by Regions
1.4.1 North America
1.4.2 Europe
1.4.3 China
1.4.4 Japan
1.4.5 Southeast Asia
1.4.6 India
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
3 Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Major Manufacturers in
3.2 Manufacturing Plants Distribution of Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Major Manufacturers in
3.3 R&D Status and Technology Source of Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Major Manufacturers in
3.4 Raw Materials Sources Analysis of Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Major Manufacturers in
4 Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Overall Market Overview
4.1 -E Overall Market Analysis
4.2 Capacity Analysis
4.2.1 -E Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Capacity and Growth Rate Analysis
4.2.2 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Capacity Analysis (Company Segment)
4.3 Sales Analysis
4.3.1 -E Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales and Growth Rate Analysis
4.3.2 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Analysis (Company Segment)
4.4 Sales Price Analysis
4.4.1 -E Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price
4.4.2 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price Analysis (Company Segment)
5 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Regional Market Analysis
5.1 North America Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Analysis
5.1.1 North America Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Overview
5.1.2 North America -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.1.3 North America -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price Analysis
5.1.4 North America Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Share Analysis
5.2 Europe Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Analysis
5.2.1 Europe Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Overview
5.2.2 Europe -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.2.3 Europe -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price Analysis
5.2.4 Europe Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Share Analysis
5.3 China Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Analysis
5.3.1 China Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Overview
5.3.2 China -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.3.3 China -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price Analysis
5.3.4 China Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Share Analysis
5.4 Japan Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Analysis
5.4.1 Japan Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Overview
5.4.2 Japan -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.4.3 Japan -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price Analysis
5.4.4 Japan Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Share Analysis
5.5 Southeast Asia Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Analysis
5.5.1 Southeast Asia Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Overview
5.5.2 Southeast Asia -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.5.3 Southeast Asia -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price Analysis
5.5.4 Southeast Asia Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Share Analysis
5.6 India Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Analysis
5.6.1 India Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Overview
5.6.2 India -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.6.3 India -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price Analysis
5.6.4 India Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Share Analysis
6 Global -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales by Type
6.2 Different Types of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Product Interview Price Analysis
6.3 Different Types of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Product Driving Factors Analysis
6.3.1 Meats Growth Driving Factor Analysis
6.3.2 Cereals Growth Driving Factor Analysis
6.3.3 Soy Protein Growth Driving Factor Analysis
6.3.4 Certain Algae Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7 Global -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption by Application
7.2 Different Application of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Product Interview Price Analysis
7.3 Different Application of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Product Driving Factors Analysis
7.3.1 Food Processing of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7.3.2 Animal Feed of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7.3.3 Medical &Pharmaceutical of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Growth Driving Factor Analysis
8 Major Manufacturers Analysis of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
8.1 Ajinomoto
8.1.1 Company Profile
8.1.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.1.2.1 Product A
8.1.2.2 Product B
8.1.3 Ajinomoto Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.1.4 Ajinomoto Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.2 Sunrise Nutrachem Group
8.2.1 Company Profile
8.2.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.2.2.1 Product A
8.2.2.2 Product B
8.2.3 Sunrise Nutrachem Group Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.2.4 Sunrise Nutrachem Group Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.3 Royal DSM
8.3.1 Company Profile
8.3.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.3.2.1 Product A
8.3.2.2 Product B
8.3.3 Royal DSM Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.3.4 Royal DSM Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.4 Shaanxi Sciphar Hi-tech Industry
8.4.1 Company Profile
8.4.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.4.2.1 Product A
8.4.2.2 Product B
8.4.3 Shaanxi Sciphar Hi-tech Industry Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.4.4 Shaanxi Sciphar Hi-tech Industry Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.5 Prinova
8.5.1 Company Profile
8.5.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.5.2.1 Product A
8.5.2.2 Product B
8.5.3 Prinova Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.5.4 Prinova Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.6 Global Bio-chem Technology Group Company Limited
8.6.1 Company Profile
8.6.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.6.2.1 Product A
8.6.2.2 Product B
8.6.3 Global Bio-chem Technology Group Company Limited Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.6.4 Global Bio-chem Technology Group Company Limited Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.7 Tokyo Chemical Industry
8.7.1 Company Profile
8.7.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.7.2.1 Product A
8.7.2.2 Product B
8.7.3 Tokyo Chemical Industry Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.7.4 Tokyo Chemical Industry Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution Analysis
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market
9.1 Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast
9.1.2 Global -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price Forecast
9.2 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Forecast
9.2.2 Europe -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Forecast
9.2.3 China -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Forecast
9.2.4 Japan -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Forecast
9.2.5 Southeast Asia -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Forecast
9.2.6 India -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Forecast
9.3 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Trend (Application)
10 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Marketing Type Analysis
10.1 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Regional Marketing Type Analysis
10.2 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium International Trade Type Analysis
10.3 Traders or Distributors with Contact Information of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium by Region
10.4 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Supply Chain Analysis
11 Consumers Analysis of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
11.1 Consumer 1 Analysis
11.2 Consumer 2 Analysis
11.3 Consumer 3 Analysis
11.4 Consumer 4 Analysis
12 Conclusion of the Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Professional Survey Report
Methodology
Analyst Introduction
Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
Table Product Specifications of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
Table Classification of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
Figure Global Production Market Share of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium by Type in
Figure Meats Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Meats
Figure Cereals Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Cereals
Figure Soy Protein Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Soy Protein
Figure Certain Algae Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Certain Algae
Table Applications of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
Figure Global Consumption Volume Market Share of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium by Application in
Figure Food Processing Examples
Table Major Consumers in Food Processing
Figure Animal Feed Examples
Table Major Consumers in Animal Feed
Figure Medical &Pharmaceutical Examples
Table Major Consumers in Medical &Pharmaceutical
Figure Market Share of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium by Regions
Figure North America Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure Europe Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure China Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure Japan Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure India Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Table Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium in
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Major Manufacturers in
Table Manufacturing Plants Distribution of Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Major Manufacturers in
Table R&D Status and Technology Source of Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Major Manufacturers in
Table Raw Materials Sources Analysis of Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Major Manufacturers in
Table Global Capacity, Sales , Price, Cost, Sales Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium -E
Figure Global -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Volume) and Growth Rate
Figure Global -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Value) and Growth Rate
Table -E Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Capacity and Growth Rate
Table Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Capacity (K MT) List (Company Segment)
Table -E Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales (K MT) and Growth Rate
Table Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales (K MT) List (Company Segment)
Table -E Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price (USD/MT)
Table Global Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price (USD/MT) List (Company Segment)
Figure North America Capacity Overview
Table North America Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K MT) of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium -E
Figure North America -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price (USD/MT)
Figure North America Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Market Share
Figure Europe Capacity Overview
Table Europe Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K MT) of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium -E
Figure Europe -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price (USD/MT)
Figure Europe Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Market Share
Figure China Capacity Overview
Table China Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K MT) of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium -E
Figure China -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price (USD/MT)
Figure China Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Market Share
Figure Japan Capacity Overview
Table Japan Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K MT) of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium -E
Figure Japan -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price (USD/MT)
Figure Japan Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Market Share
Figure Southeast Asia Capacity Overview
Table Southeast Asia Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K MT) of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium -E
Figure Southeast Asia -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price (USD/MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Market Share
Figure India Capacity Overview
Table India Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K MT) of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium -E
Figure India -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price (USD/MT)
Figure India Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Market Share
Table Global -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales (K MT) by Type
Table Different Types Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Product Interview Price
Table Global -E Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales (K MT) by Application
Table Different Application Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Product Interview Price
Table Ajinomoto Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Ajinomoto Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K MT), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT)
Figure Ajinomoto Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution
Table Sunrise Nutrachem Group Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Sunrise Nutrachem Group Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K MT), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT)
Figure Sunrise Nutrachem Group Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution
Table Royal DSM Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Royal DSM Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K MT), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT)
Figure Royal DSM Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution
Table Shaanxi Sciphar Hi-tech Industry Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Shaanxi Sciphar Hi-tech Industry Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K MT), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT)
Figure Shaanxi Sciphar Hi-tech Industry Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution
Table Prinova Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Prinova Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K MT), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT)
Figure Prinova Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution
Table Global Bio-chem Technology Group Company Limited Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Global Bio-chem Technology Group Company Limited Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K MT), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT)
Figure Global Bio-chem Technology Group Company Limited Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution
Table Tokyo Chemical Industry Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Tokyo Chemical Industry Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K MT), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT)
Figure Tokyo Chemical Industry Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Business Region Distribution
Figure Global -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Global -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Market Size (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Global -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Sales Price (USD/MT) Forecast
Figure North America -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Volume (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure China -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Volume (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Europe -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Volume (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Southeast Asia -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Volume (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Japan -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Volume (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure India -2025 Glumatic Acid and Monosodium Consumption Volume (K MT) and Growth Rate Forecast
Table Global Sales Volume (K MT) of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium by Type -2025
Table Global Consumption Volume (K MT) of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium by Application -2025
Table Traders or Distributors with Contact Information of Glumatic Acid and Monosodium by Region
Key Players
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc.
- Sunrise Nutrachem Group
- Royal DSM N.V.
- Shaanxi Sciphar Hi-tech Industry Co. Ltd.
- Prinova Group LLC
- Global Bio-chem Technology Group Company Limited
- Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.
- Fufeng Group
- Meihua Holdings Group Co. Ltd.
- CJ CheilJedang Corporation
- Shandong Linghua Monosodium Glutamate Co. Ltd.
- Vedan International (Holdings) Ltd.
- Daesang Corporation
Market Segmentation
By Product Type
- Meats
- Cereals
- Soy Protein
- Certain Algae
By Application
- Food Processing (flavor enhancers, additives)
- Animal Feed (nutritional supplements)
- Medical & Pharmaceutical (amino acid derivatives, excipients)
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Australia)
- Middle East & Africa
- Central & South America
