Global Flatback Tapes Market Report (2026–2036)
Market Overview
The global Flatback Tapes market is projected to grow steadily from its 2025 valuation, reaching significant revenues by 2036 at a healthy CAGR during 2026–2036. Flatback tapes, known for their aggressive adhesion and durability, are widely used in paper, tube, and core manufacturing, as well as in electronics for splicing, tabbing, masking, and sealing. Rising demand for biodegradable and eco-friendly packaging solutions, coupled with the global shift away from plastics, is fueling market expansion.
Key Players
- 3M Company
- Intertape Polymer Group
- Shurtape Technologies LLC
- Tesa SE
- Nitto Denko Corporation
- Scapa Group Plc
- Pro Tapes & Specialties Inc.
- Canadian Technical Tape Ltd.
- Kruse Adhesive Tape
- International Plastics Inc.
- Avery Dennison Corporation
- Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics
- Adhesive Applications Inc.
- ATP Adhesive Systems AG
- Lintec Corporation
Segments Analysis
By Product Type
- Single-Sided Flatback Tapes – Widely used in packaging, splicing, and tabbing.
- Double-Sided Flatback Tapes – Preferred for mounting, fastening, and industrial applications.
- Specialty Flatback Tapes – Customized for electronics, automotive, and construction industries.
By Application
- Splicing – Paper, printing, and electronics industries.
- Packaging – Eco-friendly packaging solutions replacing plastics.
- Masking – Industrial and automotive masking applications.
- Tabbing – Tube and core manufacturing, electronics.
- Others – Leather, textiles, and specialty industrial uses.
Regional Analysis
- North America: Strong demand from packaging and electronics industries, supported by established manufacturers.
- Europe: Largest market share due to strict environmental regulations and preference for sustainable packaging.
- Asia-Pacific: Fastest-growing region, driven by industrial expansion in China and India, and rising adoption of eco-friendly materials.
- Central & South America: Increasing adoption in Brazil and Argentina, supported by growing manufacturing and packaging sectors.
- Middle East & Africa: Emerging demand due to urbanization and expansion of construction and electronics industries.
Key Insight: Europe dominates due to sustainability regulations, while Asia-Pacific shows the highest growth potential with expanding industrial bases and rising demand for eco-friendly packaging.
Porter’s Five Forces
- Threat of New Entrants – Moderate; established brands dominate but niche eco-friendly startups are emerging.
- Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Moderate; reliance on paper, adhesives, and specialty raw materials.
- Bargaining Power of Buyers – High; industries demand affordability, durability, and sustainability.
- Threat of Substitutes – Moderate; plastic tapes compete but face regulatory restrictions.
- Industry Rivalry – High; global and regional players compete on innovation, branding, and distribution.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
- Strong demand across packaging, electronics, and industrial sectors.
- Established global brands with advanced R&D.
- Eco-friendly positioning aligned with global sustainability trends.
Weaknesses
- Higher production costs compared to plastic tapes.
- Dependence on raw material supply chains.
- Limited awareness in developing regions.
Opportunities
- Expansion in emerging markets with rising industrialization.
- Growth in eco-friendly and biodegradable tape categories.
- Increasing demand for specialty applications in electronics and automotive.
Threats
- Competition from low-cost alternatives.
- Regulatory scrutiny on adhesives and raw materials.
- Volatility in paper and adhesive prices.
Trend Analysis
- Eco-Friendly Packaging: Rising demand for biodegradable tapes.
- Electronics Industry Growth: Increasing use in splicing and masking.
- Premiumization: Specialty tapes for high-performance applications.
- E-commerce Expansion: Online retail boosting accessibility.
- Customization: Tailored tapes for niche industrial applications.
Drivers & Challenges
Drivers
- Rising intolerance towards plastics globally.
- Increasing demand for sustainable packaging solutions.
- Growth in electronics and industrial manufacturing.
Challenges
- Intense competition from established and emerging brands.
- Regulatory hurdles in adhesive formulations.
- Price sensitivity in developing markets.
Value Chain Analysis
- Raw Material Supply → Paper, adhesives, coatings.
- Manufacturing → Tape formulation, coating, cutting, packaging.
- Distribution → Industrial suppliers, packaging companies, e-commerce platforms.
- Marketing & Branding → Positioning around sustainability, durability, and performance.
- End-Use Consumption → Packaging, electronics, automotive, construction, textiles.
Quick Recommendations for Stakeholders
- Manufacturers: Invest in eco-friendly and specialty tape innovations to capture premium demand.
- Distributors: Strengthen e-commerce presence and expand into tier-2 and tier-3 cities.
- Investors: Focus on Asia-Pacific and Latin America for high-growth opportunities.
- Policy Makers: Encourage sustainable packaging practices through regulatory clarity.
- Retailers: Promote bundled offerings (flatback tapes + packaging solutions) to attract industrial buyers.
Table of Contents
Global Flatback Tapes Market Professional Survey Report 2018
1 Industry Overview of Flatback Tapes
1.1 Definition and Specifications of Flatback Tapes
1.1.1 Definition of Flatback Tapes
1.1.2 Specifications of Flatback Tapes
1.2 Classification of Flatback Tapes
1.2.1 Single Side
1.2.2 Double Side
1.3 Applications of Flatback Tapes
1.3.1 Splicing
1.3.2 Packaging
1.3.3 Masking
1.3.4 Tabbing
1.4 Market Segment by Regions
1.4.1 North America
1.4.2 Europe
1.4.3 China
1.4.4 Japan
1.4.5 Southeast Asia
1.4.6 India
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Flatback Tapes
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Flatback Tapes
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Flatback Tapes
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Flatback Tapes
3 Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Flatback Tapes
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Global Flatback Tapes Major Manufacturers in
3.2 Manufacturing Plants Distribution of Global Flatback Tapes Major Manufacturers in
3.3 R&D Status and Technology Source of Global Flatback Tapes Major Manufacturers in
3.4 Raw Materials Sources Analysis of Global Flatback Tapes Major Manufacturers in
4 Global Flatback Tapes Overall Market Overview
4.1 2013-2018E Overall Market Analysis
4.2 Capacity Analysis
4.2.1 2013-2018E Global Flatback Tapes Capacity and Growth Rate Analysis
4.2.2 Flatback Tapes Capacity Analysis (Company Segment)
4.3 Sales Analysis
4.3.1 2013-2018E Global Flatback Tapes Sales and Growth Rate Analysis
4.3.2 Flatback Tapes Sales Analysis (Company Segment)
4.4 Sales Price Analysis
4.4.1 2013-2018E Global Flatback Tapes Sales Price
4.4.2 Flatback Tapes Sales Price Analysis (Company Segment)
5 Flatback Tapes Regional Market Analysis
5.1 North America Flatback Tapes Market Analysis
5.1.1 North America Flatback Tapes Market Overview
5.1.2 North America 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.1.3 North America 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price Analysis
5.1.4 North America Flatback Tapes Market Share Analysis
5.2 Europe Flatback Tapes Market Analysis
5.2.1 Europe Flatback Tapes Market Overview
5.2.2 Europe 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.2.3 Europe 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price Analysis
5.2.4 Europe Flatback Tapes Market Share Analysis
5.3 China Flatback Tapes Market Analysis
5.3.1 China Flatback Tapes Market Overview
5.3.2 China 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.3.3 China 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price Analysis
5.3.4 China Flatback Tapes Market Share Analysis
5.4 Japan Flatback Tapes Market Analysis
5.4.1 Japan Flatback Tapes Market Overview
5.4.2 Japan 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.4.3 Japan 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price Analysis
5.4.4 Japan Flatback Tapes Market Share Analysis
5.5 Southeast Asia Flatback Tapes Market Analysis
5.5.1 Southeast Asia Flatback Tapes Market Overview
5.5.2 Southeast Asia 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.5.3 Southeast Asia 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price Analysis
5.5.4 Southeast Asia Flatback Tapes Market Share Analysis
5.6 India Flatback Tapes Market Analysis
5.6.1 India Flatback Tapes Market Overview
5.6.2 India 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.6.3 India 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price Analysis
5.6.4 India Flatback Tapes Market Share Analysis
6 Global 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales by Type
6.2 Different Types of Flatback Tapes Product Interview Price Analysis
6.3 Different Types of Flatback Tapes Product Driving Factors Analysis
6.3.1 Single Side Growth Driving Factor Analysis
6.3.2 Double Side Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7 Global 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Consumption by Application
7.2 Different Application of Flatback Tapes Product Interview Price Analysis
7.3 Different Application of Flatback Tapes Product Driving Factors Analysis
7.3.1 Splicing of Flatback Tapes Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7.3.2 Packaging of Flatback Tapes Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7.3.3 Masking of Flatback Tapes Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7.3.4 Tabbing of Flatback Tapes Growth Driving Factor Analysis
8 Major Manufacturers Analysis of Flatback Tapes
8.1 3M
8.1.1 Company Profile
8.1.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.1.2.1 Product A
8.1.2.2 Product B
8.1.3 3M Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.1.4 3M Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.2 Intertape Polymer
8.2.1 Company Profile
8.2.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.2.2.1 Product A
8.2.2.2 Product B
8.2.3 Intertape Polymer Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.2.4 Intertape Polymer Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.3 Shurtape Technologies
8.3.1 Company Profile
8.3.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.3.2.1 Product A
8.3.2.2 Product B
8.3.3 Shurtape Technologies Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.3.4 Shurtape Technologies Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.4 tesa
8.4.1 Company Profile
8.4.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.4.2.1 Product A
8.4.2.2 Product B
8.4.3 tesa Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.4.4 tesa Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.5 Nitto Denko
8.5.1 Company Profile
8.5.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.5.2.1 Product A
8.5.2.2 Product B
8.5.3 Nitto Denko Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.5.4 Nitto Denko Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.6 Scapa
8.6.1 Company Profile
8.6.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.6.2.1 Product A
8.6.2.2 Product B
8.6.3 Scapa Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.6.4 Scapa Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.7 Pro Tapes & Specialties
8.7.1 Company Profile
8.7.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.7.2.1 Product A
8.7.2.2 Product B
8.7.3 Pro Tapes & Specialties Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.7.4 Pro Tapes & Specialties Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.8 Canadian Technical
8.8.1 Company Profile
8.8.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.8.2.1 Product A
8.8.2.2 Product B
8.8.3 Canadian Technical Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.8.4 Canadian Technical Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.9 Kruse
8.9.1 Company Profile
8.9.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.9.2.1 Product A
8.9.2.2 Product B
8.9.3 Kruse Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.9.4 Kruse Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.10 International Plastics
8.10.1 Company Profile
8.10.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.10.2.1 Product A
8.10.2.2 Product B
8.10.3 International Plastics Flatback Tapes Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.10.4 International Plastics Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution Analysis
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Flatback Tapes Market
9.1 Global Flatback Tapes Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast
9.1.2 Global 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Sales Price Forecast
9.2 Flatback Tapes Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Forecast
9.2.2 Europe 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Forecast
9.2.3 China 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Forecast
9.2.4 Japan 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Forecast
9.2.5 Southeast Asia 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Forecast
9.2.6 India 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Forecast
9.3 Flatback Tapes Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Flatback Tapes Market Trend (Application)
10 Flatback Tapes Marketing Type Analysis
10.1 Flatback Tapes Regional Marketing Type Analysis
10.2 Flatback Tapes International Trade Type Analysis
10.3 Traders or Distributors with Contact Information of Flatback Tapes by Region
10.4 Flatback Tapes Supply Chain Analysis
11 Consumers Analysis of Flatback Tapes
11.1 Consumer 1 Analysis
11.2 Consumer 2 Analysis
11.3 Consumer 3 Analysis
11.4 Consumer 4 Analysis
12 Conclusion of the Global Flatback Tapes Market Professional Survey Report
Methodology
Analyst Introduction
Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Flatback Tapes
Table Product Specifications of Flatback Tapes
Table Classification of Flatback Tapes
Figure Global Production Market Share of Flatback Tapes by Type in
Figure Single Side Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Single Side
Figure Double Side Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Double Side
Table Applications of Flatback Tapes
Figure Global Consumption Volume Market Share of Flatback Tapes by Application in
Figure Splicing Examples
Table Major Consumers in Splicing
Figure Packaging Examples
Table Major Consumers in Packaging
Figure Masking Examples
Table Major Consumers in Masking
Figure Tabbing Examples
Table Major Consumers in Tabbing
Figure Market Share of Flatback Tapes by Regions
Figure North America Flatback Tapes Market Size (Million USD) (2013-2025)
Figure Europe Flatback Tapes Market Size (Million USD) (2013-2025)
Figure China Flatback Tapes Market Size (Million USD) (2013-2025)
Figure Japan Flatback Tapes Market Size (Million USD) (2013-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Flatback Tapes Market Size (Million USD) (2013-2025)
Figure India Flatback Tapes Market Size (Million USD) (2013-2025)
Table Flatback Tapes Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Flatback Tapes in
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Flatback Tapes
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Flatback Tapes
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Global Flatback Tapes Major Manufacturers in
Table Manufacturing Plants Distribution of Global Flatback Tapes Major Manufacturers in
Table R&D Status and Technology Source of Global Flatback Tapes Major Manufacturers in
Table Raw Materials Sources Analysis of Global Flatback Tapes Major Manufacturers in
Table Global Capacity, Sales , Price, Cost, Sales Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Flatback Tapes 2013-2018E
Figure Global 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Market Size (Volume) and Growth Rate
Figure Global 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Market Size (Value) and Growth Rate
Table 2013-2018E Global Flatback Tapes Capacity and Growth Rate
Table Global Flatback Tapes Capacity (K Units) List (Company Segment)
Table 2013-2018E Global Flatback Tapes Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate
Table Global Flatback Tapes Sales (K Units) List (Company Segment)
Table 2013-2018E Global Flatback Tapes Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Table Global Flatback Tapes Sales Price (USD/Unit) List (Company Segment)
Figure North America Capacity Overview
Table North America Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Flatback Tapes 2013-2018E
Figure North America 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure North America Flatback Tapes Sales Market Share
Figure Europe Capacity Overview
Table Europe Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Flatback Tapes 2013-2018E
Figure Europe 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Europe Flatback Tapes Sales Market Share
Figure China Capacity Overview
Table China Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Flatback Tapes 2013-2018E
Figure China 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure China Flatback Tapes Sales Market Share
Figure Japan Capacity Overview
Table Japan Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Flatback Tapes 2013-2018E
Figure Japan 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Japan Flatback Tapes Sales Market Share
Figure Southeast Asia Capacity Overview
Table Southeast Asia Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Flatback Tapes 2013-2018E
Figure Southeast Asia 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Southeast Asia Flatback Tapes Sales Market Share
Figure India Capacity Overview
Table India Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Flatback Tapes 2013-2018E
Figure India 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure India Flatback Tapes Sales Market Share
Table Global 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales (K Units) by Type
Table Different Types Flatback Tapes Product Interview Price
Table Global 2013-2018E Flatback Tapes Sales (K Units) by Application
Table Different Application Flatback Tapes Product Interview Price
Table 3M Information List
Table Product Overview
Table 3M Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure 3M Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Table Intertape Polymer Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Intertape Polymer Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Intertape Polymer Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Table Shurtape Technologies Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Shurtape Technologies Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Shurtape Technologies Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Table tesa Information List
Table Product Overview
Table tesa Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure tesa Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Table Nitto Denko Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Nitto Denko Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Nitto Denko Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Table Scapa Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Scapa Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Scapa Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Table Pro Tapes & Specialties Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Pro Tapes & Specialties Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Pro Tapes & Specialties Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Table Canadian Technical Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Canadian Technical Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Canadian Technical Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Table Kruse Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Kruse Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Kruse Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Table International Plastics Information List
Table Product Overview
Table International Plastics Flatback Tapes Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure International Plastics Flatback Tapes Business Region Distribution
Figure Global 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Market Size (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Global 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Market Size (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Global 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast
Figure North America 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure China 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Europe 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Southeast Asia 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Japan 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure India 2018-2025 Flatback Tapes Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Table Global Sales Volume (K Units) of Flatback Tapes by Type 2018-2025
Table Global Consumption Volume (K Units) of Flatback Tapes by Application 2018-2025
Table Traders or Distributors with Contact Information of Flatback Tapes by Region
Key Players
- 3M Company
- Intertape Polymer Group
- Shurtape Technologies LLC
- Tesa SE
- Nitto Denko Corporation
- Scapa Group Plc
- Pro Tapes & Specialties Inc.
- Canadian Technical Tape Ltd.
- Kruse Adhesive Tape
- International Plastics Inc.
- Avery Dennison Corporation
- Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics
- Adhesive Applications Inc.
- ATP Adhesive Systems AG
- Lintec Corporation
Segments Analysis
By Product Type
- Single-Sided Flatback Tapes – Widely used in packaging, splicing, and tabbing.
- Double-Sided Flatback Tapes – Preferred for mounting, fastening, and industrial applications.
- Specialty Flatback Tapes – Customized for electronics, automotive, and construction industries.
By Application
- Splicing – Paper, printing, and electronics industries.
- Packaging – Eco-friendly packaging solutions replacing plastics.
- Masking – Industrial and automotive masking applications.
- Tabbing – Tube and core manufacturing, electronics.
- Others – Leather, textiles, and specialty industrial uses.
Regional Analysis
- North America: Strong demand from packaging and electronics industries, supported by established manufacturers.
- Europe: Largest market share due to strict environmental regulations and preference for sustainable packaging.
- Asia-Pacific: Fastest-growing region, driven by industrial expansion in China and India, and rising adoption of eco-friendly materials.
- Central & South America: Increasing adoption in Brazil and Argentina, supported by growing manufacturing and packaging sectors.
- Middle East & Africa: Emerging demand due to urbanization and expansion of construction and electronics industries.
